Water futures : assessment of long-range patterns and problems

Water requirements to the year 2025 at regional and national levels are examined in order to assess emerging problems of stress on freshwater resources. Long-range water patterns will be governed by future factors such as population, economic scale and structure, technology, consumption patterns, agricultural practices and policy approaches. This study focuses on Conventional Development Scenarios which are driven by: 1) commonly used demographic and economic projections, 2) a convergence hypothesis that developing region consumption and production practices will evolve in a globalizing economy toward those of industrialized regions, 3) an assumption of gradual technological advance without major surprises, and 4) the absence of major policy changes affecting water needs or use. The scenarios show a rapid increase in water requirements, especially in developing countries. Several indices are introduced for assessing the level of future water vulnerability at the country level. These include the use-to-resource ratio , a gauge of average overall pressure on water resources and threats to aquatic ecosystems; coefficient of variation of precipitation, a measure of hydrological fluctuations; storage-to-flow ratio, an indicator of the capacity of infrastructure to mute such fluctuation; and import dependence, an index of reliance on inflows from external water sources. To supplement these physical indices of vulnerability, a socio-economic coping capacity index (average future income) represents a country's ability to endure emerging water problems and uncertainties. Together, the indices are used to signal changing water vulnerability for each country as the scenarios unfold. The information is capsulated in a series of "water stress" maps. It is agreed that the deteriorating water conditions found for the scenario are by no means inevitable, and a more sustainable water future is envisaged. (author's abstract)